{"id":3443,"date":"2023-03-06T11:17:20","date_gmt":"2023-03-06T08:17:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alummacenter.com\/?p=3443"},"modified":"2024-04-18T15:12:54","modified_gmt":"2024-04-18T12:12:54","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a2%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%a8%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%af-%d9%85%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b5%d8%ad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alummacenter.com\/?p=3443","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0635\u0628\u0631\u064a 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id=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>)\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0635\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0640\u0640\u0640\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0631\u064a:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;\u062a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627(<a href=\"#_ftn4\" id=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\">\n<li>\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0641\u0642\u0640\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0640\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0640\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0640\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0640\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062e\u0630\u062a 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642:<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 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href=\"#_ftn6\" id=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a(15)\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629(1965-2015\u0645) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 (50)\u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 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\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631(2020-2021\u0645) \u0647\u0648 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\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c &nbsp;\u0641\u0636\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" id=\"_ftn1\"><\/a>([1])\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" id=\"_ftn2\"><\/a>([2])<a>\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" id=\"_ftn3\"><\/a>([3]) \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0630\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 2016\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0635 85.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" id=\"_ftn4\"><\/a>([4]) \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 1996\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0635112.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" id=\"_ftn5\"><\/a>([5]) \u062f. \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/business.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/archives\/22409\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642: \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 (uokerbala.edu.iq)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" id=\"_ftn6\"><\/a>([6]) \u0642\u0635\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 2012\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" id=\"_ftn7\"><\/a>([7])\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0629\u060c 2005\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" id=\"_ftn8\"><\/a>([8])Wolf, A. T., and Newton J.,&nbsp; \u201cCase Study of Transboundary Dispute Resolution: the Tigris-Euphrates basin\u201d, Appendix: C of the book on Transboundary Dispute Resolution by the same authors,&nbsp; Oregon State University; Institute of water and watersheds 2008&nbsp; Last visited 20 April 2018:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" id=\"_ftn9\"><\/a>([9]) \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0633\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0646\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c 1998\u0645\u060c \u0635141.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" id=\"_ftn10\"><\/a>([10]) \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c 2011\u0645\u060c \u0635 18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" id=\"_ftn11\"><\/a>([11])\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0645\u062e\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c 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