{"id":3445,"date":"2023-03-06T11:18:40","date_gmt":"2023-03-06T08:18:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alummacenter.com\/?p=3445"},"modified":"2023-03-06T11:18:41","modified_gmt":"2023-03-06T08:18:41","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a3%d8%b3%d9%81%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%b4-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8f%d9%87%d9%85%d9%8e%d9%91%d8%b4-%d9%88%d8%af%d9%85","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alummacenter.com\/?p=3445","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644.. \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0634 \u0648\u062f\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a<\/strong><a href=\"#_ftn1\" 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0648\u063a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0628\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a 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\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn7\" id=\"_ftnref7\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0631 (Voltaire) \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0634\u0644\u064a\u0647 (Jules Michelet) \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 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id=\"_ftnref9\"><sup>[8]<\/sup><\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0646\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u064a\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f (r)\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn10\" id=\"_ftnref10\"><sup>[9]<\/sup><\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0646\u064a\u060c\u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 Indiana. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a Histoire orale\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a Joe Gould \u0641\u064a \"<strong>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643<\/strong>\" New York \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 12 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1942<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn11\" id=\"_ftnref11\"><sup>[10]<\/sup><\/a>)<\/sup> .<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1948 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 Allan Nevins<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn12\" id=\"_ftnref12\"><sup>[11]<\/sup><\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1958 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 130.000 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1960 \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 3500 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 15.000 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 425.000 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn13\" id=\"_ftnref13\"><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1967\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \"<strong>\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a<\/strong>\" American Oral History Association (A.O.H.A) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn14\" id=\"_ftnref14\"><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u063a\u0648 Chicago \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b (\u0633\u0631\u062f \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642)<sup> <\/sup>\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0644 New Deal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 89 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1965 \u0625\u0644\u0649 230 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1971 \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 316 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1973<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn15\" id=\"_ftnref15\"><sup>[14]<\/sup><\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c<strong><sup> <\/sup><\/strong>\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \"<strong>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a<\/strong>\" Oral History Riview.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a Alex Haley<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn16\" id=\"_ftnref16\"><sup>[15]<\/sup><\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0631\u0643\u0632\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0633. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0627\u0637\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0628\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0644Laval &nbsp;\u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0643Qu\u00e9bec <sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn17\" id=\"_ftnref17\"><sup>[16]<\/sup><\/a>)<\/sup>\u0648\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0646 Moncton \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0643 &nbsp;Nouveau-Brunswick &nbsp;\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn18\" id=\"_ftnref18\"><sup>[17]<\/sup><\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \"<strong>\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a<\/strong>\" Canadian Oral History Association (C.O.H.A)<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn19\" id=\"_ftnref19\"><sup>[18]<\/sup><\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648<strong>\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u061b \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0631\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0641. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 Essex \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0633\u0648\u0646 Paul Thompson \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0625\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 (\u00c9douard VII) <sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn20\" id=\"_ftnref20\"><sup>[19]<\/sup><\/a>)<\/sup> \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 500 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639. \u0648\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn21\" id=\"_ftnref21\"><sup>[20]<\/sup><\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \"<strong>\u0635\u0648\u062a 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0627 \u0622\u062a\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0626\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0634\u064a\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn24\" id=\"_ftnref24\"><sup>[23]<\/sup><\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0648 Daniel Bertaux<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn25\" id=\"_ftnref25\"><sup>[24]<\/sup><\/a>)<\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0637\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0637\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 Discours \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627.\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u064a\u0643\u0633- \u0623\u0646- \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0635 &nbsp;Aix-en-Provence \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0647 \u0637\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0641\u064a &nbsp;Jean-Claude Bouvier &nbsp;\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062c\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631 Philippe Joutard &nbsp;\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 &nbsp;Jean-No\u00ebl Pelen<strong><sup> <\/sup><\/strong><sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn33\" id=\"_ftnref33\"><sup>[32]<\/sup><\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0625\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0642 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645<\/strong>. \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0631\u0647\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0638\u0648\u0638\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>q<\/strong><strong>- \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a7\u062d\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f: \"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\"\u060c \u0636\u0645\u0646 <strong>\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629\u060c 2004.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a7\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645: \"\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\"\u060c <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 175\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629\u060c 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a7\u0634\u0648\u0628\u0633 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0627: \"\u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629\"\u060c&nbsp; \u0636\u0645\u0646 <strong>\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a7\u0636\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f: \"\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627\"\u060c <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631<\/strong> (\u0639\u062f\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 36 \u060c \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631- \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a7\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0632\u062f\u063a\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628: \"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\"\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u0646 3-4\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631\/ \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 1998.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a7\u0643\u0648\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647: \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a7\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646: \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 1991.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a7\u0647\u064a\u0646\u062c \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c 1991.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>q<\/strong>- <strong>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a7ARON-SCHNAPPER Domminique, \u00abL\u2019Application de la m\u00e9thode des archives orales \u00e0 l\u2019histoire de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Sociale&nbsp;: essai d\u2019une typologie des discours&nbsp;\u00bb, dans <em>Colloque sur l\u2019Histoire de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Sociale<\/em>, 1978.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a7BERTAUX Daniel, <em>Histoire de vies ou r\u00e9cits de pratiques? M\u00e9thodologie de l\u2019approche biographique en sciences sociales<\/em>, Paris, Cordes, 1976.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a7BOURDE Guy et MARTIN Herv\u00e9, <em>Les \u00e9coles historique<\/em> Paris, Seuil,&nbsp;1983.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a7BOUVIER Jean-Claude, BR\u00c8MONDY Henry-Paul, JOUTARD Philippe, GUY Mathieu, \u00a7PELEN Jean-No\u00ebl, <em>Tradition orale et identit\u00e9 culturelle, probl\u00e8mes et m\u00e9thodes<\/em>, Marseille, Ed. du CNRS, 1980.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a7Dani\u00e8le Voldman, \u00abLe t\u00e9moignage dans l\u2019histoire fran\u00e7aise du temps pr\u00e9sent\u00bb, en ligne <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ihtp.cnrs.fr\/spip.php?article472&amp;lang=fr\">http:\/\/www.ihtp.cnrs.fr\/spip.php?article472&amp;lang=fr<\/a> consult\u00e9 le 12\/03\/2012<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a7DESCAMPS Florence, \u00abHistoire orale\u00bb, in Christian Delacroix, Fran\u00e7ois Dosse, Patrick Garcia, Nicolas Offenstadt, (dir.), <em>Historiographies, II. Concepts et d\u00e9bats<\/em>, Paris, Gallimard 2010, p.392.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a7JEWSIEWICKI Bogumil, (\u00e9d.,). <em>R\u00e9cits de vie et m\u00e9moires : vers une anthropologie historique du souvenir<\/em>, Qu\u00e9bec\/Paris, Safi Presse\/L'Harmattan, 1985.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a7JOUTARD Philippe, \u00ab&nbsp;L\u2019oral comme objet de recherche en histoire&nbsp;\u00bb, Bulletin de liaison des adh\u00e9rents de l'AFAS [En ligne], Les phonoth\u00e8ques entre recherche et culture, L'oral et la recherche en sciences humaines et sociales, mis en ligne le 12 avril 2012, consult\u00e9 le 23 octobre 2015. URL&nbsp;: http:\/\/afas.revues.org\/2683 consult\u00e9 le 20\/04\/2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">------------------------, \u00abHistoriens \u00e0 vos micros! Le document oral, une nouvelle source pour l\u2019histoire\u00bb, <em>revue L\u2019Histoire<\/em>, n\u00b012, mai 1979.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">------------------------, <em>La l\u00e9gende des camisards&nbsp;: une sensibilit\u00e9 au pass\u00e9<\/em>, Paris, Gallimard, 1977.&nbsp;Et du m\u00eame auteur&nbsp;: <em>Ces voix qui nous viennent du pass\u00e9<\/em>, Paris, Hachette, 1983.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a7LABELLE Ronald, Histoire orale <em>: communications du 2e colloque d'histoire orale en Atlantique\/Oral History : Papers from the 2nd Atlantic Oral History Conference, Moncton<\/em>, Centre d'\u00e9tudes acadiennes, 1981.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a7LANGLOIS Charles Victor et SEIGNOBOS Charles, <em>Introduction aux \u00e9tudes historiques<\/em>, paris, Hachette, 1898.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a7MONIOT Henri, \u00abL\u2019histoire des peuples sans histoire \u00bb, in&nbsp; Jacques Le Goff &amp; Pierre Nora (dir.), <em>Faire de l\u2019histoire<\/em>,<em> t. 1&nbsp;: Nouveaux Probl\u00e8mes,<\/em> Paris, Gallimard, 1974.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a7THOMPSON Paul, \u00abL'histoire orale en Grande Bretagne\u00bb, <em>Bulletin de l'IHTP<\/em>, n\u00b02 , d\u00e9cembre 1980.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">-----------------------, <em>The Edwardians: the remaking of British society<\/em>, London, 1975.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">-----------------------, <em>The voice of the past: oral history<\/em>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a7VOLDMAN Dani\u00e8le, \u00abDe la m\u00e9thode, des histoires et des femmes\u00bb, in <em>Vingti\u00e8me Si\u00e8cle, Revue d\u2019histoire<\/em>, N\u00b02, avril, 1984.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a7WALLENBORN H\u00e9l\u00e8ne, \u00ab&nbsp;Les attitudes de l\u2019historien face aux t\u00e9moins&nbsp;\u00bb, Bulletin de liaison des adh\u00e9rents de l'AFAS [En ligne], Archives des Sonorit\u00e9s, URL&nbsp;: http:\/\/afas.revues.org\/2421 consult\u00e9 le 22 mars 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a7Yves Lequin et Jean M\u00e9tral \u00abUne m\u00e9moire collective: les m\u00e9tallurgistes retrait\u00e9s de Givors\u00bb, <em>Annales E.S.C<\/em>, n\u00b01, janvier-f\u00e9vrier 1980.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" id=\"_ftn1\">(*)<\/a><strong>&nbsp; \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628.<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" id=\"_ftn2\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<strong><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/strong>)-<\/sup><\/strong>\u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0646\u062c: <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c 1991\u060c \u0635: 24.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" id=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<strong><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/strong>)-<\/sup><\/strong> \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0629:\"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u064a\"\u060c \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 <strong>\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/strong>\u060c <strong>\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629\u060c 2004\u060c \u0635: 105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" id=\"_ftn4\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<strong><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/strong>)<\/sup><\/strong><strong><sup>\u2013<\/sup><\/strong>\u062f\u0639\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0636\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062b\u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0648\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \"\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0636\u062d\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a. \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><sup>&nbsp;-<\/sup><\/strong>Charles Victor Langlois et Charles Seignobos, <em>Introduction aux \u00e9tudes historiques<\/em>, Paris, Hachette, 1898. - Guy Bourd\u00e9 et Herv\u00e9 Martin, <em>Les \u00e9coles historiques<\/em>, Paris, Seuil, 1983, p. 172.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" id=\"_ftn5\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<strong><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/strong>)-<\/sup><\/strong> \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0634\u0648\u0628\u0633: \"\u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629\"\u060c&nbsp; \u0636\u0645\u0646 <strong>\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c 2015\u060c \u0635: 28.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" id=\"_ftn6\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<strong><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/strong>)<\/sup><\/strong><sup> <\/sup><strong><sup>\u2013<\/sup><\/strong> \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">-Henri Moniot, \u00abL\u2019histoire des peuples sans histoire \u00bb, in&nbsp; Jacques Le Goff &amp; Pierre Nora (dir.), <em>Faire de l\u2019histoire<\/em>,<em> t. 1&nbsp;: Nouveaux Probl\u00e8mes,<\/em> Paris, Gallimard, 1974, p. 164.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" id=\"_ftn7\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<strong><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/strong>)<\/sup><\/strong><sup> <\/sup><strong><sup>-<\/sup><\/strong> \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0629:\"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u064a\"\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635: 105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" id=\"_ftn8\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<strong><sup>[7]<\/sup><\/strong>)<\/sup><\/strong><sup> <\/sup><strong><sup>\u2013<\/sup><\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635: 106.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" id=\"_ftn9\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<strong><sup>[8]<\/sup><\/strong>)-<\/sup><\/strong><strong><sup> <\/sup><\/strong>\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u0648\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a<strong>: \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c <\/strong><strong>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c<\/strong>\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c 2012\u060c \u0635: 60.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" id=\"_ftn10\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<strong><sup>[9]<\/sup><\/strong>)-<\/sup><\/strong>\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627: <strong>\"<\/strong>\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\"\u060c <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 175\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629\u060c 2012\u060c \u0635: 15. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627: \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u064a<strong>: \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 1991. \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627: \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0636\u0627\u0647\u0631: \"\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627<strong>\"<\/strong>\u060c <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631<\/strong> (\u0639\u062f\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 36 \u060c \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631- \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c 2008\u060c \u0635: 53.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" id=\"_ftn11\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<strong><sup>[10]<\/sup><\/strong>)<\/sup><\/strong><sup> <strong>-<\/strong><\/sup>Joseph Goy, \u00abHistoire orale\u00bb, in <em>Encyclopaedia Universalis<\/em>, Corpus 9, \u00e9dition 1985, p.373-969. Voir aussi&nbsp;: Philippe Joutard, \u00abHistoriens \u00e0 vos micros! Le document oral, une nouvelle source pour l\u2019histoire\u00bb, <em>revue L\u2019Histoire<\/em>, n\u00b012, mai 1979<em>.<\/em>, p. 106-112.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" id=\"_ftn12\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<strong><sup>[11]<\/sup><\/strong>)-<\/sup><\/strong> \u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644&nbsp; \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 Grover Cleveland.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" id=\"_ftn13\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<strong><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/strong>)<\/sup><\/strong><sup> <\/sup><strong><sup>-<\/sup><\/strong> \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0632\u062f\u063a\u0644\u064a: \"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629<strong>\"<\/strong>\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u0646 3-4\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631\/ \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 1998\u060c \u0635: 179.<strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" id=\"_ftn14\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<strong><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/strong>)-<\/sup><\/strong><sup> <\/sup>\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u062c\u062f\u0647 \u064a\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062e\u0635\u0635 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0643\u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0641\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" id=\"_ftn15\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<strong><sup>[14]<\/sup><\/strong>)<\/sup><\/strong><sup> <strong>-<\/strong><\/sup> Philippe Joutard, \u00abHistoriens \u00e0 vos micros! Le document oral, une nouvelle source pour l\u2019histoire\u00bb, <em>op.cit.<\/em>, p. 309.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" id=\"_ftn16\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<strong><sup>[15]<\/sup><\/strong>)-<\/sup><\/strong><strong><sup> <\/sup><\/strong>\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a&nbsp; Alex Haley (1921\u0645 - 1992). \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 (\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621) \u0633\u0646\u0629 1976. \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0633\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627. \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0646\u062a\u064a &nbsp;Kunta Kinte\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u062c\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1767\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u0623\u0645\u0636\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u062b\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0647. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0630\u0627\u0639 \u0635\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0644\u0641\u0632\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1977\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" id=\"_ftn17\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<strong><sup>[16]<\/sup><\/strong>)<\/sup><\/strong><strong><sup> -<\/sup><\/strong>Bogumil Jewsiewicki, (\u00e9d.,). <em>R\u00e9cits de vie et m\u00e9moires : vers une anthropologie historique du souvenir<\/em>, Qu\u00e9bec\/Paris, Safi Presse\/L'Harmattan, 1985.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" id=\"_ftn18\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<strong><sup>[17]<\/sup><\/strong>)<\/sup><\/strong><strong><sup> -<\/sup><\/strong>Ronald Labelle, Histoire orale <em>: communications du 2e colloque d'histoire orale en Atlantique\/Oral History : Papers from the 2nd Atlantic Oral History Conference, Moncton<\/em>, Centre d'\u00e9tudes acadiennes, 1981.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" id=\"_ftn19\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<strong><sup>[18]<\/sup><\/strong>)- <\/sup><\/strong>\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 Forum \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.oralhistoryforum.ca\/index.php\/ohf\/issue\/view\/19\">http:\/\/www.oralhistoryforum.ca\/index.php\/ohf\/issue\/view\/19<\/a>&nbsp; consult\u00e9 le 24 mars 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" id=\"_ftn20\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<strong><sup>[19]<\/sup><\/strong>)<\/sup><\/strong><strong><sup> <\/sup><\/strong><strong><sup>-<\/sup><\/strong>Paul Thompson, <em>The Edwardians: the remaking of British society<\/em>, London, 1975.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" id=\"_ftn21\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<strong><sup>[20]<\/sup><\/strong>)<\/sup><\/strong><strong><sup> -<\/sup><\/strong>Paul Thompson, \u00abL'histoire orale en Grande Bretagne\u00bb, <em>Bulletin de l'IHTP<\/em>, n\u00b02 , d\u00e9cembre 1980, p. 9-13. Voir aussi&nbsp;: Philippe Joutard, \u00abHistoriens \u00e0 vos micros! Le document oral, une nouvelle source pour l\u2019histoire\u00bb, <em>op.cit.,<\/em> p. 310.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" id=\"_ftn22\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<strong><sup>[21]<\/sup><\/strong>)<\/sup><\/strong><sup>-<\/sup>Paul Thompson, <em>The voice of the past: oral history<\/em>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" id=\"_ftn23\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<strong><sup>[22]<\/sup><\/strong>)<\/sup><\/strong><sup> <strong>-<\/strong><\/sup> H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Wallenborn, \u00ab&nbsp;Les attitudes de l\u2019historien face aux t\u00e9moins&nbsp;\u00bb, Bulletin de liaison des adh\u00e9rents de l'AFAS [En ligne], Archives des Sonorit\u00e9s, URL&nbsp;: http:\/\/afas.revues.org\/2421 consult\u00e9 le 22 mars 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" id=\"_ftn24\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<strong>[23]<\/strong>)-<\/sup><\/strong> \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062c\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">-Philippe Joutard, <em>La l\u00e9gende des camisards&nbsp;: une sensibilit\u00e9 au pass\u00e9<\/em>, Paris, Gallimard, 1977.&nbsp;Et du m\u00eame auteur&nbsp;: <em>Ces voix qui nous viennent du pass\u00e9<\/em>, Paris, Hachette, 1983.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" id=\"_ftn25\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<strong>[24]<\/strong>)<\/sup><\/strong> <strong><sup>-<\/sup><\/strong>Daniel Bertaux, <em>Histoire de vies ou r\u00e9cits de pratiques? M\u00e9thodologie de l\u2019approche biographique en sciences sociales<\/em>, Paris, Cordes, 1976.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" id=\"_ftn26\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<strong><sup>[25]<\/sup><\/strong>)<\/sup><\/strong><sup> <strong>-<\/strong><\/sup>Florence Descamps, \u00abHistoire orale\u00bb, in Christian Delacroix, Fran\u00e7ois Dosse, Patrick Garcia, Nicolas Offenstadt, (dir.), <em>Historiographies, II. Concepts et d\u00e9bats<\/em>, Paris, Gallimard 2010, p.392.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" id=\"_ftn27\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<strong><sup>[26]<\/sup><\/strong>)<\/sup><\/strong><strong><sup>&nbsp; <\/sup><\/strong><strong><sup>-<\/sup><\/strong> \u00ab&nbsp;Archives Orales, une autre histoire&nbsp;\u00bb, ( Editorial ) <em>Annales E.S.C<\/em>., n\u00b0 1 janvier-f\u00e9vrier 1980. Et Histoire orale ou archives orales&nbsp;? Rapport d\u2019activit\u00e9s sur la constitution d\u2019archives orales pour l\u2019histoire de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Sociale, Paris, Association pour l\u2019histoire de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Sociale, 1980.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" id=\"_ftn28\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<strong><sup>[27]<\/sup><\/strong>)<\/sup><\/strong><strong><sup>&nbsp; <\/sup><\/strong><strong><sup>-<\/sup><\/strong> Philippe Joutard, \u00ab&nbsp;L\u2019oral comme objet de recherche en histoire&nbsp;\u00bb, Bulletin de liaison des adh\u00e9rents de l'AFAS [En ligne], Les phonoth\u00e8ques entre recherche et culture, L'oral et la recherche en sciences humaines et sociales, mis en ligne le 12 avril 2012, consult\u00e9 le 23 octobre 2015. URL&nbsp;: http:\/\/afas.revues.org\/2683 consult\u00e9 le 20\/04\/2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" id=\"_ftn29\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<strong><sup>[28]<\/sup><\/strong>)<\/sup><\/strong><strong><sup> -<\/sup><\/strong>Dominique Aron-Schnapper, \u00abL\u2019Application de la m\u00e9thode des archives orales \u00e0 l\u2019histoire de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Sociale&nbsp;: essai d\u2019une typologie des discours&nbsp;\u00bb, dans <em>Colloque sur l\u2019Histoire de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Sociale<\/em>, 1978, pp. 16-29. (avec D. Hanet et al.). &nbsp;Voir aussi&nbsp;: Dani\u00e8le Voldman, \u00abLe t\u00e9moignage dans l\u2019histoire fran\u00e7aise du temps pr\u00e9sent\u00bb, en ligne <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ihtp.cnrs.fr\/spip.php?article472&amp;lang=fr\">http:\/\/www.ihtp.cnrs.fr\/spip.php?article472&amp;lang=fr<\/a> consult\u00e9 le 12\/03\/2012<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref30\" id=\"_ftn30\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<strong><sup>[29]<\/sup><\/strong>)<\/sup><\/strong><strong><sup>&nbsp; <\/sup><\/strong><strong><sup>-<\/sup><\/strong>Yves Lequin et Jean M\u00e9tral \u00abUne m\u00e9moire collective: les m\u00e9tallurgistes retrait\u00e9s de Givors\u00bb, <em>Annales E.S.C<\/em>, n\u00b01, janvier-f\u00e9vrier 1980,p. 149-166.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref31\" id=\"_ftn31\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<strong><sup>[30]<\/sup><\/strong>)<\/sup><\/strong><strong><sup> -<\/sup><\/strong>Dani\u00e8le Voldman, \u00abDe la m\u00e9thode, des histoires et des femmes\u00bb, in <em>Vingti\u00e8me Si\u00e8cle, Revue d\u2019histoire<\/em>, N\u00b02, avril, 1984, p. 188-120.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref32\" id=\"_ftn32\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<strong><sup>[31]<\/sup><\/strong>)<\/sup><\/strong><strong><sup>&nbsp; <\/sup><\/strong><strong><sup>-<\/sup><\/strong>Lucette Valensi et Nathan Wachtel, <em>M\u00e9moires juives, collection&nbsp; Archives<\/em>, Paris, Gallimard-Julliard, 1986.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref33\" id=\"_ftn33\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<strong><sup>[32]<\/sup><\/strong>)<\/sup><\/strong><strong><sup>&nbsp; <\/sup><\/strong><strong><sup>-<\/sup><\/strong> \u00abUn projet r\u00e9gional de recherche sur les ethno- textes\u00bb, <em>Annales E.S.C<\/em>., janvier-f\u00e9vrier 1980, 35, 1, p. 176-182. Voir aussi&nbsp;: Jean-Claude Bouvier, Henry-Paul Br\u00e9mondy, Philippe Joutard, Mathieu Guy, Jean-No\u00ebl Pelen, <em>Tradition orale et identit\u00e9 culturelle, probl\u00e8mes et m\u00e9thodes<\/em>, Marseille, Ed. du CNRS, 1980.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a(*) \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 (Les Source m\u00e9morielles) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062f \u062b\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3429,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[68],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3445","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-68"],"acf":[],"views":2024,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/alummacenter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3445","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/alummacenter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/alummacenter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alummacenter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alummacenter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3445"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/alummacenter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3445\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3446,"href":"https:\/\/alummacenter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3445\/revisions\/3446"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alummacenter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/3429"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/alummacenter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3445"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alummacenter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3445"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alummacenter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3445"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}